High reactivity ci engine like fuel is sprayed and act as the combustion initating fuel. It is measured at specific temperature by hydrometer or automatic density meter. Department of energy hydrogen and fuel cells program plan the need for clean, sustainable, and domestically produced energy has never been greater. Hydrogen h chemical properties, health and environmental. Pafcs are also less powerful than other fuel cells, given the same weight and volume. Normally, pure hydrogen exists in the form of a hydrogen molecule with two atoms, h2.
Furthermore, the investigation is enhanced with new data obtained at laboratory for respective fuel properties. Hydrogen use objectives at the completion of this module, the technician will understand. They are the characteristics that determine how it will react with other substances or change from one substance to another. In this paper, a hydrogen consumption rate model of a pem fuel cell engine is developed based on experimental data. This is a problem because at ambient conditions molecular hydrogen exists as a gas. Hydrogen gas may be stored as a compressed gas or as a liquid. Current performance of hydrogen systems in the transport sector. Influence of fuel properties, hydrogen, and reformate additions on dieselbiogas dualfueled engine. Currently, there are a few zeroemission electric vehicles that can be powered by hydrogen. It is the most abundant element in the universe, but is almost absent from the atmosphere as individual molecules in the upper atmosphere can gain high velocities during collisions with heavier molecules, and become ejected from the atmosphere. Common hydrogen has a molecular weight of 2,01594 g. Pires, a yinglei han, b john kramlich, c and manuel garciaperez b, the chemical composition and fuel properties of nine alternative jet fuels named as ajf 19 and three commercial jet fuels named as cjf 1, 2 and 3 are reported in this work. In a diesel engine, fuel ignites spontaneously shortly after injection begins. The two forms of hydrogen differ in energy, so their physical properties also differ.
The gtl fuel met or exceeded astm d975 fuel properties. The purpose of this research work is to gather the information published until now regarding anhydrous and hydrous ethanol as well as its blends. Hydrogen has several important chemical properties that affect its use as a fuel. Actual energy content and other properties for specific fuels can vary by region around the country and the world. It is not valid to list these values for species since a species has not been adequately sampled and tested. Currently, hydrogen is used as fuel for zeroemissions vehicles powered by fuel cells. Fuel of the future rachel chamousis abstract hydrogen is an energy carrier that can transform our fossil fuel dependent economy into a hydrogen economy, which can provide an emissionsfree transportation fuel. Technical background on india bs vi fuel specifications. Impacts of hydrogen to carbon ratio hc on fundamental. Density density is fundamental physical property of oil. Hazardous properties of hydrogen and hydrogen containing. Outlook 1 fuel physical properties are important in the charge preparation and mixing process. In the current study, biodiesel was synthesized from animal fat and tested for fuel properties.
The ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state. The socalled chemical elementary analysis shows that generally fuel oils consist of about 85 to 90% of carbon, to 8% of hydrogen and a small percentage of sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen, but two fuel oils of the same elementary analysis may behave in quite a different manner in burning practice, so that this chemical analysis is really of very little value. Characteristics of petroleum products stored and dispensed pdf, petroleum products division gn, p. Alternative fuels data center fuel properties comparison.
Characteristics and properties of fuels me mechanical. Diesel fuel in general is any liquid fuel used in diesel engines. In this section, the data on thermophysical fuel properties are generalized. The various properties of liquid fuels are given below. Cole2 1lyman laboratory of physics, harvard university, cambridge ma 028 2nasa msfc, retired, huntsville, al 35801 email. Diesel fuel properties and characteristics part 1 rudolf diesel would be proud of the global acceptance of, and dramatic improvements made to, the diesel engine over the past 100 years.
Fuels and combustion syllabus introduction to fuels, properties of fuel oil, coal and gas, storage, handling and preparation of fuels, principles of combustion, combustion of oil, coal, and gas this chapter is a prelude to boilers and furnaces1. Combustion properties of hydrogen and methane are given in table 1. During this delay, the fuel is vaporizing and mixing with the air in the combustion chamber. It has a high energy content per weight nearly 3 times as much as gasoline, but the energy density per volume is quite low at standard temperature and pressure. W004a 2 jet fuel characteristicsjet fuel characteristics why this subject. Hydrogen properties what are the chemical properties of hydrogen. Physical properties of lubricants valvolinecummins. Plastic is the lightest of the four material options. Diesel fuel astm limits the american society of testing and materials is responsible for setting the standards by which commercial fuel quality is measured.
Properties under the energy policy act of 1992, hydrogen is classified as an alternative fuel. Comparative properties of hydrogen and other fuels hydrogen. The most powerful rocket fuel yet to exist isaac f. This is a problem because at ambient conditions molecular hydrogen exists as a. Hazardous properties of hydrogen and hydrogen containing fuel gases article in process safety and environmental protection july 2019 with 33 reads how we measure reads. On the basis of property determinations and electrically heated tube reactions for five practical fuels and seven model fuels, a comprehensive insight into the impacts of hydrogen to carbon ratio hc on the fundamental properties and supercritical cracking performance of kerosenebased hydrocarbon fuels has been presented. Production, composition and fuel properties of tallow.
Department of energy fuel cell activities fl c ll t hli pfuel cell technologies program program manager june 14, 2011. Provide a brief introduction to aviation fuel definitions and characteristics familiarize you with terminology and industry jargon address operational concerns related to fuel inform you of research work and possible future fuels exchange some insight into the energy of flight. The properties of hydrogen as fuel tomorrow in sustainable. Its gravimetric lower heating value lhv is 11,604 btulbm, and its stoichiometric perfectlybalanced mixture ratio af is 9. The hydrocarbons in jet and diesel fuels are less volatile than those in. It can be used in fuel cells or internal combustion engines. It is also used in nasas space program as fuel for the space shuttles, and in fuel cells that provide heat, electricity and drinking water for astronauts. They contain hundreds of hydrocarbons as well as many additives. This technical note is an assessment of hcng usage in case of internal combustion engines.
It was built, and is maintained, by the pacific northwest national laboratory with funding from the doe office of energy efficiency and renewable energys fuel cell technologies office. Hydrogen properties connecticut hydrogenfuel cell coalition. Diesel fuel can be described by its cetane number, which is a measure of ignition quality inversely proportional to. Physical and chemical properties of military fuels. Although fossil fuels power much of modern civilization, they also see use in fertilizers, plastics. It is also used as a fuel for spacecraft propulsion. Hydrogen properties objectives at the completion of this module, the technician will understand. Fuel consumptionand pyrotechnics are also covered separately. The fuel used in this study was tested to determine physical and chemical properties. Most substances will change from one of these states to another depending on the temperature and pressure of their surroundings. Fuel consumption and pyrotechnics are also covered. Deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure fuel price comparison. The actual composition of any given fuel varies depending upon source of the crude oil, refinery processes, and product specifications. Hydrogen h 2 is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable and nontoxic gas at atmospheric temperatures and pressures.
Sep 20, 2017 hydrogen peroxide, its preparation and properties notes for class 11 is made by best teachers who have written some of the best books of class 11. An introduction on fuels and fuel types, including some relevant properties, can be found apart in. Its relative density, compared with that of the air, is 0. Physical properties of lubricants valvoline technical services page 1 following are the important properties of a lubricant. Many researchers are working on this for the last few years and work is now focused on how to use this kind of fuel to its maximum extent. In their work, fundamentals and use of hydrogen as a fuel, it. Hydrogen and natural gas mixture encyclopedia of life. The better we know the nature of the substance the better we are able to understand it. Worldwideliquefied petroleum gas lpg production is limited to about 10% of total gasoline and diesel fuel consumption and is used to a great extent for domestic. Diesel fuel as from its definition is the word generally used for any liquid fuel that can be used as a source of energy in diesel engines so, from here it can be of different forms, from different sources and. Wigner and huntington first predicted that pressures of order 25 gpa were. Jet fuels and diesel fuel marine dfm are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons produced by distillation of crude oil. It combines with oxygen to form water, which is absolutely necessary for life on this planet.
The noise produced by a diesel engine is a combination of combustion and mechanical noise. The color of ethanol gasoline blends depends on the color of the gasoline in the blend. In the future, hydrogen could be used to fuel vehicles and aircraft, and provide power for our homes and offices. All these properties make hydrogen the ultimate clean. Hydrogen is the most flammable of all the known substances. Fossil fuels are the remains of animal and plant materials that lived millions of years ago, trapped under layers of rock for eons and transformed into substances that burn easily, and give off large amounts of energy. Diesel fuel oxidizes very slowly upon continued exposure to air. Ethanol and e85 properties, specifications, and information. For diesel fuel, this category establishes a high quality hydrocarbononly specification that takes advantage of the characteristics of certain advanced biofuels. In each case, the mass of the electron is much less the nuclear mass, therefore, we will. The final point in the delivery chain for fuel cell applications are the fueling sites. Jan 23, 2017 calorific value of fuel is the total quantity of heat liberated when a unit mass or volume of fuel is completely burnt. It has begun to be used in commercial fuel cell vehicles such as passenger cars, and has been used in fuel cell buses for many years.
It is a key component in manufacturing ammonia, methanol, gasoline, and heating oil. Fuel property, emission test, and operability results from. Fuel cells are devices that directly convert hydrogen into electricity. Ignition point the ignition or fire point is lowest temperature at which rapid combustion of a fuel will take place in air. The properties of diesel fuel are at times varied from other fuels such as gasoline, however there are also some similarities such as the fact that they both burn in a fuel cylinder to make the engine work and it goes without saying that they both power vehicles. Ethanol is a pure chemical substance with the formula c2h5oh or empirically c2h6o, with a formula weight of 46. Diesel fuel properties and characteristics nw fuel. Its chemical properties make it useful as a fuel or in some cases, as a solvent, making it similar to kerosene. Workshops parallel to the development of the technology roadmap on hydrogen and fuel cells 11 table 2.
Chemical fuel properties and kinetics are the most important in ignition. Values are stated in units most commonly used in the united states. Heavy fuel oil hfo, also known as residual fuel oil, is based on the high viscosity, tarlike mass, which remains after the distillation and subsequent cracking of crude oil in order to produce lighter hydrocarbon products, such as petrol, distillate diesel fuels and heating oil or feedstocks for lubricants problem with heavy fuel. The department of energy hydrogen and fuel cells program plan. Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit. The assumption of the model is that fuel cell stack works in steadystate condition. Pdf introduction the two most important environmental hazards faced by humankind today are air pollution and global warming. They require much higher loadings of expensive platinum catalyst than other types of fuel cells do, which raises the cost. Search for library items search for lists search for contacts search for a library. The effect of diesel fuel properties on emissionsrestrained fuel economy at midload conditions shankar kumar, stanton, d. Previous studies of gtl diesel fuel do not always list complete fuel properties or test methods. Instead, they produce water vapor and warm air as emissions from the exhaust pipe. There are many reports and data on the properties of hydrogen, but the properties most. Due to the corrosion resistant properties of fiberglass, tanks of this material are primarily used for water and fuel storage.
Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Hydrogen effects on materials for cng h 2 blends brian somerday, david farese and jay keller presenting sandia national laboratories, usa, air products, usa presented at the international hydrogen fuel and pressure vessel forum 2010 beijing, china september 28, 2010. Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol h and atomic number 1. Hydrogen peroxide, its preparation and properties class 11. Create a custom chart comparing fuel properties and characteristics for multiple fuels. Baker abstract the fuel properties of wood can be summarized by ultimate and proximate analysis and determination of the high heating value. Refineries are required to incorporate these limits into their production specifications and resellers are inspected by state and federal agencies to make sure that. Hydrotreated vegetable oil hvo as a renewable diesel fuel.
When oil is heated to its flash point, some of the hydrogen flashes off but the fuel will not continue to burn. Hydrogen has been suggested as a convenient, cleanburning fuel. Researchers used a chassis dynamometer to test emissions over the. As a result, these fuel cells are typically large and heavy. Fuels and combustion bureau of energy efficiency 1 syllabus introduction to fuels, properties of fuel oil, coal and gas, storage, handling and preparation of fuels, principles of combustion, combustion of oil, coal, and gas this chapter is a prelude to boilers and furnaces 1. Hydrogen, fuel cells and their applications mres university. The new test fuel specifications apply to new vehicle. Hydrogen, alkali and alkaline earth metals sections 8. Results have shown a biodiesel production yield of 93%, chemical composition that is typical of a biodiesel. The properties of hydrogen as fuel tomorrow in sustainable energy system for a cleaner planet.
Properties analysis of hydrogen consumption rate for a pem. What are some physical and chemical properties of diesel fuel. A summary table of fuel properties for normal combustion in air can also be found there. The fuel properties needed to keep a lamp burning are not nearly as stringent as. Combustion is dominated by chemical or physical properties depending on the combustion regime. Liquid fuels like furnace oil and lshs are predominantly used in industrial application. Higher or gross calorific value hcv in the total amount of heat produced when a unit massvolume of fuel has been burnt completely and the products of combustion have been cooled to room temperature 15c or 60f. This normally applies to hydrogen storage cylinders only, but may include other components according. Hydrogen is slightly more soluble in organic solvents than in water. Hydrogen fuel is a zeroemission fuel burned with oxygen. This article investigates the emission characteristics of the fuel blend of 25% sunflower oil methyl ester with 75% diesel fuel 2575 fuel in a single cylinder unmodified diesel engine. Heavier hydrocarbons, with 5 to 18 carbon atoms per compound, are liquid at ambient conditions and have increasing viscosity with molecular weight. Diesel engines were developed to take advantage of the high energy content and generally lower cost of diesel fuels. Consider these notes and data sources when using the fuel properties comparison tool.
At present, there are approximately 60 fueling stations in the u. Technical background on india bs vi fuel specifications 2 international council on clean transportation working paper 20169 octane number the octane number of gasoline provides a measure of the fuel s ability to resist autoignition, which can cause. Although h 2 has high energy density based on mass, it has very low energy density based on volume. Hydrogen, fuel cells and their applications masters of research mres programme falls within the theme sustainable power generation and supply of the research councils energy programme, the first of its kind in the uk. Fuel property, emission test, and operability results from a. These vehicles are currently available to only a select number of consumers in select markets. The relationships between the hydrogen consumption rate and stack current, stack power and fuel cel. Pdf hydrogen economy represents the future of human civilization. Fuel properties comparison alternative fuels data center.
Chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative jet fuels. Tier 3 also changed the federal emissions standard test fuel to a test fuel containing 10 % by volume ethanol to better match todays inuse gasoline and to be forwardlooking with respect to future ethanol content. We first describe hydrogenengine fundamentals by examining the enginespecific properties of hydrogen and surveying the existing. One major obstacle in the hydrogen economy is its transport and storage. Author links open overlay panel magdalena momirlan a. Chemical composition and fuel properties of alternative. Fuel properties of hydrogen, liquefied petroleum gas lpg. Table a16 properties of the atmosphere at high altitude table a17 idealgas properties of air table a18 idealgas properties of nitrogen, n 2 table a19 idealgas properties of oxygen, o 2 table a20 idealgas properties of carbon dioxide, co 2 table a21 idealgas properties of carbon monoxide, co table a22 idealgas. Wood fuel properties and fuel products from woods a. In rcci the combustible mixture with two fuels is made before combustion starts early injection of high reactivity fuel. Burner combustion of natural gas mixed with hydrogen natural gas consists mainly of methane. Fuel properties can affect combustion noise directly. Aircraft fuels must have a minimum tendency to form solids or carbon on combustion. Descriptive properties of fuel ethanol and e85 are listed in table 1.